LATEST TRENDS IN ENERGY CONSERVATION
ABSTRACT
Through this paper I want to explain the various green energy systems that can be used as a method to conserve the fossil fuels and other nonrenewable energies. Also I described about the various types of green energy systems namely; Solar Energy System, Photo-Voltaic System, Wind Energy System and Geothermal System. Among which I have explained deeply about the solar energy only.
Then I have explained about the working series of solar cells or photovoltaic panel with a neat labeled diagram. In solar and photo-voltaic system, I explained about the various applications of solar energy such as solar lightening, solar parking meter, solar powered flight, solar vehicles, use of photo-voltaic system in buildings, solar water pumping system, solar energy for producing light and solar cell phone charger.
INTRODUCTION
o Latest trends in energy conservation include the use of renewable energy as a means to conserve the nonrenewable energy sources.
o Renewable energy systems are those energies which are not harmful things during production and during the usage.
o These energy systems are unlimited or abundant.
o They are also called as green energy due to their pollution free nature.
TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES
o Solar Energy Systems and Photovoltaic Systems
o Wind Power Systems
o Geothermal energy systems
o Ocean thermal energy
o Tidal energy
o Bio gas energy
SOLAR ENERGY
About half the incoming solar energy reaches the earth's surface. The Earth receives 174 pet watts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (isolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses.
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
Solar cells that you see on calculators and satellites are photovoltaic cells or modules. Photovoltaic as the word implies photo = light, voltaic = electricity, convert sunlight directly into electricity. Once used almost exclusively in space, photovoltaic are used more and more in less exotic ways. They could even power your house.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly used. When light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material. This means that the energy of the absorbed light is transferred to the semiconductor. The energy knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely.
This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use externally. PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. For example, the current can power a calculator. This current, together with the cell's voltage (which is a result of its built-in electric field or fields), defines the power (or wattage) that the solar cell can produce.
APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY
PRODUCING LIGHT
A solar yard light uses standard solar cells in a very straightforward application. A single solar cell produces a maximum of 0.45 volts and a varying amount of current depending on the size of the cell and the amount of light striking the surface. In a typical yard light, therefore, you need four cells wired in series.
The solar cells are wired directly to the battery through a diode. This prevents the battery’s current from flowing back through the solar cell at night a battery like this produces about 1.2 volts and can store a maximum of approximately 700 milliamp-hours. During the day, the battery charges, reaching maximum charge except on shorter winter days or days when there is heavy overcast.
At night, the solar cells stop producing power. The photo resistor turns on the LED. Since the street light on automatically at night shows you a very simple circuit is using a transistor and a relay to control a light using a photo resistor.
PV IN TRANSPORT
PV has traditionally been used for auxiliary power in space. PV is rarely used to provide motive power in transport applications, but is being used increasingly to provide auxiliary power in boats and cars. Recent advances in solar cell technology, however, have shown the cell's ability to administer significant hydrogen production, making it one of the top prospects for alternative energy for automobiles.
SOLAR VEHICLES
Australia hosts the World Solar Challenge where solar cars like the Nuna3 race through a 3,021 km (1,877 mi) course from Darwin to Adelaide. Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to keep the interior cool, thus reducing fuel consumption.
Helios UAV in solar powered flight Nuna3
SOLAR LIGHTNING
The above picture shows the solar lightning by storing solar energy using optical fibers to transmit it inside the building to supplement conventional lighting.
In single-story applications these systems are able to transmit 50% of the direct sunlight received.
HEATING, COOLING and VENTILATION
Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.
However they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, day lighting and shading conditions.
A solar chimney is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building.
SOLAR WATER PUMPS
Solar pumping systems work anywhere the sun shines. Pumping water is a sensible and effective use of solar electric power. During the hot months, when water requirements are highest, a solar pump will provide a reliable water source for a farm. Wind power, by comparison, can be inconsistent, and may not be available during the hottest months in many inland areas. Wind may be too unreliable for water pumping when a relatively constant supply is required, particularly for when watering animals.
Different needs can be serviced and systems are determined by the quantity of water to be pumped: 1. Water for drinking & cooking 2. Water for livestock 3. Water for crop irrigation. The typical solar cell is a thin wafer of silicon that transforms light energy into electrical energy.
There are also a number of other minor uses such as the small pumps used in solar fountains. For the best electrical and mechanical performance, all components of the solar pumping system must be carefully matched. Correct sizing of the pump, motor and controlling devices, will allow the system to operate at the highest efficiency to ensure economical water pumping.
SOLAR CELL PHONE CHARGER
In today’s world, almost everyone would feel lost and useless without a cell phone. There is nothing worse than having a dead battery on your phone when you need to make an urgent call. It is in this light that a solar cell phone charger comes in very handy. This is a charger that can be used to recharge the battery of a cell phone, IPod or MP3 player by simply using energy from the sun.
It has solar cells that convert sun rays to electric current. Most solar cell phone chargers are foldable. It simply works by opening up the charger and putting it out in the sun. The solar cells will then collect the rays of the sun and convert them to energy, which is used to charge the battery or stored in the back up battery for later use.
A solar cell phone charger comes complete with an in-built battery which can store power and be used later. This will ensure that even if your phone runs out of charge in the middle of the night, the charger will still have some reserved energy to power up the phone.
ADVANTAGES OF THE SOLAR PHONE CHARGER
Light weight and portability.
No expenses will be incurred off any residue that may harm the environment
ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY
o The 89 petawatts of sunlight reaching the earth's surface is plentiful - almost 6,000 times more than the 15 terawatts of average power consumed by humans.
o Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under development.
o Facilities can operate with little maintenance or intervention after initial setup.
o Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or impossible. Examples include satellites, island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels.
o When grid-connected, solar electric generation can displace the highest cost electricity during times of peak demand (in most climatic regions), can reduce grid loading, and can eliminate the need for local battery power for use in times of darkness and high local demand; such application is encouraged by net metering.
o Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing transmission/distribution losses (transmission losses were approximately 7.2% in 1995).
o Time-of-use net metering can be highly favorable to small photovoltaic systems.
o Once the initial capital cost of building a solar power plant has been spent, operating costs are extremely low compared to existing power technologies.
o Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little research-money has been invested in the development of solar cells.
ABSTRACT
Through this paper I want to explain the various green energy systems that can be used as a method to conserve the fossil fuels and other nonrenewable energies. Also I described about the various types of green energy systems namely; Solar Energy System, Photo-Voltaic System, Wind Energy System and Geothermal System. Among which I have explained deeply about the solar energy only.
Then I have explained about the working series of solar cells or photovoltaic panel with a neat labeled diagram. In solar and photo-voltaic system, I explained about the various applications of solar energy such as solar lightening, solar parking meter, solar powered flight, solar vehicles, use of photo-voltaic system in buildings, solar water pumping system, solar energy for producing light and solar cell phone charger.
INTRODUCTION
o Latest trends in energy conservation include the use of renewable energy as a means to conserve the nonrenewable energy sources.
o Renewable energy systems are those energies which are not harmful things during production and during the usage.
o These energy systems are unlimited or abundant.
o They are also called as green energy due to their pollution free nature.
TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES
o Solar Energy Systems and Photovoltaic Systems
o Wind Power Systems
o Geothermal energy systems
o Ocean thermal energy
o Tidal energy
o Bio gas energy
SOLAR ENERGY
About half the incoming solar energy reaches the earth's surface. The Earth receives 174 pet watts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (isolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses.
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
Solar cells that you see on calculators and satellites are photovoltaic cells or modules. Photovoltaic as the word implies photo = light, voltaic = electricity, convert sunlight directly into electricity. Once used almost exclusively in space, photovoltaic are used more and more in less exotic ways. They could even power your house.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly used. When light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material. This means that the energy of the absorbed light is transferred to the semiconductor. The energy knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely.
This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use externally. PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. For example, the current can power a calculator. This current, together with the cell's voltage (which is a result of its built-in electric field or fields), defines the power (or wattage) that the solar cell can produce.
APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY
PRODUCING LIGHT
A solar yard light uses standard solar cells in a very straightforward application. A single solar cell produces a maximum of 0.45 volts and a varying amount of current depending on the size of the cell and the amount of light striking the surface. In a typical yard light, therefore, you need four cells wired in series.
The solar cells are wired directly to the battery through a diode. This prevents the battery’s current from flowing back through the solar cell at night a battery like this produces about 1.2 volts and can store a maximum of approximately 700 milliamp-hours. During the day, the battery charges, reaching maximum charge except on shorter winter days or days when there is heavy overcast.
At night, the solar cells stop producing power. The photo resistor turns on the LED. Since the street light on automatically at night shows you a very simple circuit is using a transistor and a relay to control a light using a photo resistor.
PV IN TRANSPORT
PV has traditionally been used for auxiliary power in space. PV is rarely used to provide motive power in transport applications, but is being used increasingly to provide auxiliary power in boats and cars. Recent advances in solar cell technology, however, have shown the cell's ability to administer significant hydrogen production, making it one of the top prospects for alternative energy for automobiles.
SOLAR VEHICLES
Australia hosts the World Solar Challenge where solar cars like the Nuna3 race through a 3,021 km (1,877 mi) course from Darwin to Adelaide. Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to keep the interior cool, thus reducing fuel consumption.
Helios UAV in solar powered flight Nuna3
SOLAR LIGHTNING
The above picture shows the solar lightning by storing solar energy using optical fibers to transmit it inside the building to supplement conventional lighting.
In single-story applications these systems are able to transmit 50% of the direct sunlight received.
HEATING, COOLING and VENTILATION
Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.
However they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, day lighting and shading conditions.
A solar chimney is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building.
SOLAR WATER PUMPS
Solar pumping systems work anywhere the sun shines. Pumping water is a sensible and effective use of solar electric power. During the hot months, when water requirements are highest, a solar pump will provide a reliable water source for a farm. Wind power, by comparison, can be inconsistent, and may not be available during the hottest months in many inland areas. Wind may be too unreliable for water pumping when a relatively constant supply is required, particularly for when watering animals.
Different needs can be serviced and systems are determined by the quantity of water to be pumped: 1. Water for drinking & cooking 2. Water for livestock 3. Water for crop irrigation. The typical solar cell is a thin wafer of silicon that transforms light energy into electrical energy.
There are also a number of other minor uses such as the small pumps used in solar fountains. For the best electrical and mechanical performance, all components of the solar pumping system must be carefully matched. Correct sizing of the pump, motor and controlling devices, will allow the system to operate at the highest efficiency to ensure economical water pumping.
SOLAR CELL PHONE CHARGER
In today’s world, almost everyone would feel lost and useless without a cell phone. There is nothing worse than having a dead battery on your phone when you need to make an urgent call. It is in this light that a solar cell phone charger comes in very handy. This is a charger that can be used to recharge the battery of a cell phone, IPod or MP3 player by simply using energy from the sun.
It has solar cells that convert sun rays to electric current. Most solar cell phone chargers are foldable. It simply works by opening up the charger and putting it out in the sun. The solar cells will then collect the rays of the sun and convert them to energy, which is used to charge the battery or stored in the back up battery for later use.
A solar cell phone charger comes complete with an in-built battery which can store power and be used later. This will ensure that even if your phone runs out of charge in the middle of the night, the charger will still have some reserved energy to power up the phone.
ADVANTAGES OF THE SOLAR PHONE CHARGER
Light weight and portability.
No expenses will be incurred off any residue that may harm the environment
ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY
o The 89 petawatts of sunlight reaching the earth's surface is plentiful - almost 6,000 times more than the 15 terawatts of average power consumed by humans.
o Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under development.
o Facilities can operate with little maintenance or intervention after initial setup.
o Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or impossible. Examples include satellites, island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels.
o When grid-connected, solar electric generation can displace the highest cost electricity during times of peak demand (in most climatic regions), can reduce grid loading, and can eliminate the need for local battery power for use in times of darkness and high local demand; such application is encouraged by net metering.
o Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing transmission/distribution losses (transmission losses were approximately 7.2% in 1995).
o Time-of-use net metering can be highly favorable to small photovoltaic systems.
o Once the initial capital cost of building a solar power plant has been spent, operating costs are extremely low compared to existing power technologies.
o Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little research-money has been invested in the development of solar cells.
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